Category: Tilawah

Awareness: raising awareness of contemporary issues and challenges from a Tawḥīdic lens.

  • New Book: The Digital Path to Virtue

    New Book: The Digital Path to Virtue

    BUY NOW:US CAUKUKAUFRDESENLJPESPLIT

    The Digital Path to Virtue: When ClassDojo Meets Islamic Values in  the Classroom

    In this thought-provoking book, Dr. Saleem explores the intersection of technology and children’s education, focusing on ClassDojo, a widely used classroom management app.  Drawing on research and his experience in North American Islamic schools, he explores the ethical implications of technology in classrooms, questioning its impact on students’ privacy,  behavior, and Muslim identity.

    You will learn to develop an Islamic framework for the critical integration of technology by exploring the following topics:

    • Forces shaping today’s technology, its use in schools, and its impact.
    • The tension between innovation and tradition from the rise of dataism and the appropriation of technology.
    • Theoretical foundations of ClassDojo and alignment with Islamic education.
    • The impact of surveillance apps and the promise of Islamic ethics in addressing data privacy and security.
    • The digital literacy needed to mitigate technology’s unintended consequences.
    • ClassDojo’s impact on classroom management and its disruptive influence on character development.
    • Ideas, tools, rubrics, and resources teachers can implement in the classroom.

    With insightful analysis and practical recommendations, this book serves as a guide and a call to  action for educators to become critical consumers of technology in an increasingly manipulative digital environment. 

    You may purchase the book on Amazon

    Please click on the name of the country where you are buying from:

  • What do I know about Palestine?

    What do I know about Palestine?

    While some Muslim children may know the importance of Palestine for Muslims, many are unable to provide details and/or are unable to articulate the reasons clearly. Even more are unable to support those reasons with evidence (from religious texts, historical, and geographical sources, etc.). It is important for Muslim children to be able to understand and clearly articulate why Palestine is important for Muslims as it is one of the sources of contemporary global conflicts.

    Introduction

    In this question driven lesson (or unit plan), students play a game to explore the importance of Palestine for Muslims. Instead of direct instruction, teachers use well crafted close-ended questions paired with open-ended questions to guide thoughtful classroom discussions, reflect and make connections across topics, and gain deeper understandings. The lesson is intended to be introductory while providing for further inquiry and exploration. Educators can also use the Resources handout to develop a unit plan.

    Grade Levels

    3-12

    Subject Areas

    Civics, Current Events, Geography, Language, Religion, Social Studies, World History

    Estimated Time

    Two or more class periods

    Learning Outcomes (Objectives)

    By the end of this lesson, students will be able to:

    1. Articulate in their own words a response to the question, “Why is Palestine important to you?”
    2. List at least three points with evidence to illustrate why Palestine is important for Muslims.
    3. Analyze maps to understand world conflicts.
    4. Discuss how cultural appropriation and erasure can lead to cultural genocide and ethnic cleansing.
    5. Summarize and interpret the events of Isra & Miraaj.
    6. Trace the significance of Masjid Al-Aqsa.
    7. Explain the virtues of Masjid Al-Aqsa.
    8. Reframe the importance of Jerusalem to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
    9. Explain the opening of Jerusalem by Muslims.
    10. Illustrate the events leading to the Nakba and the continuing Palestinian-Israeli conflict.

    Materials and Resources

    1. KWL Chart
    2. KWL Chart Rubric
    3. The game “What do I know about Palestine?” on Ahaslides.com (requires a free account to copy the game)
    4. Resources handout on “What do I know about Palestine?”
    5. Smart device per student/student group
    6. Projector or Smartboard to display the game
    7. Computer for teacher to present the game
    8. Internet connection

    Activities

    Activity 1: Focus Activity

    1. The KWL Chart: Ask students to individually respond to the questions on the KWL Chart on the topic of Palestine. Note: Do not pair students at this point. It is important for each student to think on their own at this point.
    2. Pair & Share: Pair up students and ask them to summarize the points they think are important from each student’s KWL chart.
    3. Class Discussion: Regroup as a class and ask each group to share their important points and questions. List the points on the board under each heading: 1. Know and 2. Wonder. Maintain a tally for each point that is also mentioned by other groups of students and rank them according to the tally.

    Activity 2: Play the Game & Discuss

    1. Play the game “What do I know about Palestine?” on Ahaslides.com. Note: Students can play individually or in groups depending on the number of devices available for students.
    2. Provide feedback (background and details) on the answers before moving on to the next question using the Resources handout. Time permitting, have a class discussion using the open-ended questions for each of the closed-ended questions listed on the Cheat Sheet.
    3. Ask students to use the “My notes on Palestine” worksheet to take notes during the game. Note: Model for students how to take notes by summarizing the main points for at least the first two questions.

    Activity 3: Putting it all together

    1. Ask students to complete the “Learned” column in the KWL Chart.
    2. Let students share with class what they have learned. You can also use the open-ended questions as prompts for further discussion.
    3. Ask students the following question: “Why is Palestine important to you?” Make a list of the points shared by students.

    Assessment Suggestions

    1. Contributions in class discussions and group work
    2. KWL Chart: Use the KWL Chart Rubric to provide feedback to students
    3. Summative Assessment: Ask students to respond to the following prompts. Note: Adjust the expectations according to the grade level:
      • Why is Palestine important to you?
      • Why is Palestine important for Muslims?

    Extensions and Adaptations

    1. Adjust the game according to the student’s level by removing/skipping questions.
    2. Develop a Unit Plan from each question in the game using the Resources Handout.
    3. Conduct a jigsaw learning activity using the annotated resources for each question.
    4. Ask students to use the annotated resources for each question to write a “position” paper.

    Share via comments any feedback on the lesson, how to improve it, and share any related resources/strategies that can enhance the lesson so others can benefit.

  • Five tips for Muslim teachers to start the school year on a positive note

    Five tips for Muslim teachers to start the school year on a positive note

    The first second of the first minute of the first hour of the first day of school is the most important. First impressions are the most lasting. I created this video during the pandemic to remind teachers about the importance of starting off the school year on the right foot.

    The video focuses on the following 5 tips:

    • Tip 1: Renew our intentions.
    • Tip 2: Get to know each other as a person.
    • Tip 3: Plan out the first day.
    • Tip 4: Establish expectations early on.
    • Tip 5: Set the stage for success!

    Watch the video for more details on each tip. Scroll down to view resources to help you prepare for the first days of school.

    Five tips for Muslim teachers to start the school year on a positive note

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    Resources to prepare for first days of school

    Here are some carefully curated resources mentioned in the video and some more to help you prepare for the first days of school.

    Do you have any tips to help teachers start off the school year on a positive note? Please take a moment to post them in the comments below!

  • Notes of the presentation “Developing Islamic identity and creating leaders”

    Notes of the presentation “Developing Islamic identity and creating leaders”

    As promised, here are the notes of my presentation titled, “Developing Islamic identity and creating leaders” that I presented at the 1st Annual ISAC Ed Conference on June 4, 2023 at Ajax, Ontario.

    Here are some highlights from the presentation to jog your memory:

    “Use the foundation you already have to get closer to perfect.”

    Don’t start from scratch! Every Islamic school has some things that we are doing right and some things that need to be realigned. We do not need to overhaul the whole system. Additionally, we have a 1400 plus years of rich history and success stories. But more importantly, we have the Qur’an!

    WWMD?

    What would Muhammad ﷺ do? We reflected over how the Prophet ﷺ with Allah’s ﷻ Guidance transformed the Arabs from a nation that was annihilating each other through inter-generation vengeful warfare and drowning in several darknesses to a nation that was united under the banner of Tawhid and became the beacon of hope, progress, and prosperity for the entire world for many centuries to come.

    Education in Islam

    What is the concept of education in the Qur’an? Education according to Al-Attas in his book Aims and Objectives of Islamic Education consists of three terms: 1. Tarbiyah (تربيه), 2. Ta’lim (تعليم), 3. Ta’dib (تأديب). We explored the concept of tarbiyah in more detail through an interactive activity.

    Focus of Education

    Secular education focuses primarily on the cognitive domain. It is about the development of the brain. Think about Bloom’s taxonomy. Even though Benjamin Bloom developed a taxonomy for other domains, contemporary secular education focuses only on the cognitive. What is the focus of education in the Qur’an?

    The Qur’an focuses on the qalb (hear). The word Qalb is mentioned 132 times in the Qur’an. Prophet Muhammad’s ﷺ is reported to have said that in the body there is a piece of flesh which, if it is sound, the entire body will be sound, but if it is corrupt, the entire body is corrupt, verily it is the heart. Teaching is indeed a work of the heart!

    Many of us use cognitively informed strategies in our classrooms. Can we directly apply strategies that focus on the development of the brain to the heart? In other words, will we be comfortable allowing the heart surgeon to operate on us using the tools of a neurosurgeon? But that is what we do on a daily basis with our students!

    Education must emancipate

    Examined how Paulo Freire emphasized the emancipatory role of education in his book Pedagogy of the oppressed. He argued that the purpose of education was for learners to gain agency to challenge oppressive systems and improve their lives. He contented that we need to break away or realign the way we teach because the very tools we use to teach were developed to maintain the status quo that is oppressive to us. The role of education in Islam is also to free us from oppression and all kinds of darknesses and bring us into the light of Divine Guidance (See Quran, Chapter 2, Verse 257).

    The Triple-T Tarbiyah Framework

    We then spent some time exploring the question, “What verses in the Qur’an describe the steps the Prophet ﷺ took to transform his people?” We identified steps, 1. Tilawah (تِلَاوَة), 2. Tazkiyah (تزكية), and 3. Ta’lim (تـعـلـيـم). These three steps form the overarching steps of the dynamic tarbiyah framework. We then examined how Allah used these steps to train the Prophet . We also looked at how these steps align with some popular theories of learning in education such as the Bloom’s Taxonomy and the 5E Learning Cycle.

    The presentation concluded with a message of hope citing verse 40 of Chapter 9 in the Quran.

  • Tips to maximize our reward (ajar) during the last days of school

    Tips to maximize our reward (ajar) during the last days of school

    Dear Teacher,

    It has been a long year of planning, teaching, redirecting, and grading. Summer is tantalizingly close yet seems so far away! You are tired, stressed, and ready to “coast” or even thinking about throwing in the towel! But wait, not yet! The last days of school are absolutely crucial in ensuring that our hard work bears the most fruit.

    I will focus on two main reasons why we need to pay attention to what we do as the school year comes to a close:

    1. Deeds are judged by how they end

    One may run an amazing race but most races are judged by how they end. We may have enjoyed the different plays during a game but the ending usually colors our final perception of the game. Our beloved Prophet Muhamamd ﷺ would remind his companions about the importance of the endings of deeds by saying,

    …وَإِنَّمَا الأَعْمَالُ بِخَوَاتِيمِهَا
    “…and verily, the (results of) deeds done, depend upon the last actions.”1

    This saying is part of a much larger hadith where the Prophet ﷺ declared a man to be from the dwellers of hell even though he was fighting bravely on the battlefield because he ended up committing suicide upon being injured.

    Allah ﷻ too judges deeds according to their endings. Therefore, it is extremely important that we pay attention to how we end the school year if we want to preserve our reward with Allah ﷻ.

    2. Last impressions are most remembered

    Much like a sour bite at the end of a sweet dessert can skew our opinion about the dessert, students will judge the year by how it ends. This is known as the peak-end rule, a heuristic where we judge an experience based on how we feel at its peak and/or at its end rather than on the totality of the experience.

    Kahneman and his colleagues provided evidence to the peak-end rule in a study where participants were subjected to two different versions of an unpleasant experience.2 In the first trial participants were asked to submerge their hands in 14 degrees celsius water for 60 seconds and in the second trial they were asked to submerge the other hand in 14 degrees celsius water for 60 seconds and for an additional 30 seconds during which the water temperature was raised to 15 degrees celsius. Subjects were more willing to repeat the second trial when asked which trial they wanted to repeat. From this and other similar studies, Kahneman et al. concluded that subjects opted for the second trial simply because they liked the memory of it better or disliked it less than the alternative.

    Emotionally charged last impressions

    Another aspect of the peak-end rule posits that people better remember more intensely emotional events than less intensely emotional events. An emotional and good ending to a school year will influence students to reconsider even their negative experiences during the year in a positive light or at least dismiss them as irrelevant. If we want students to cherish, remember and perhaps even practice what we taught them it is imperative that we leave them with an emotionally charged good impression of the school year.

    So here are some tips to maximize our ajar during the last days of school:

    Tip 1: Renew our intentions

    Remind ourselves why we are here. Why are we working in an Islamic school? What is the purpose? Is it to please Allah ﷻ and an expression of our devotion to Him OR is it a career choice? Do we hope that through this Allah ﷻ will have mercy on us and will bless us with jannah OR are we seeking the praise of people or some other worldly gain? We are here because we want to serve Allah ﷻ by serving others OR is it to help ourselves?

    Most of us know the famous hadith on intentions where the Prophet ﷺ is reported to have said:

    إنَّمَا الْأَعْمَالُ بِالنِّيَّاتِ، وَإِنَّمَا لِكُلِّ امْرِئٍ مَا نَوَى، فَمَنْ كَانَتْ هِجْرَتُهُ إلَى اللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِ فَهِجْرَتُهُ إلَى اللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِ، وَمَنْ كَانَتْ هِجْرَتُهُ لِدُنْيَا يُصِيبُهَا أَوْ امْرَأَةٍ يَنْكِحُهَا فَهِجْرَتُهُ إلَى مَا هَاجَرَ إلَيْهِ

    Actions are according to intentions, and everyone will get what was intended. Whoever migrates with an intention for Allah and His messenger, the migration will be for the sake of Allah and his Messenger. And whoever migrates for worldly gain or to marry a woman, then his migration will be for the sake of whatever he migrated for.3

    Sincere intentions are like a catalyst that can render the most insignificant deeds into sources of great ajar and without them even the most admirable deeds can be rendered worthless. The reward for deeds done with pure intentions is limitless.

    Pure intentions bring peace of mind

    Pure intentions make us steadfast and bring us peace of mind. This is especially the case when the going becomes difficult, as it usually does during the end of a school year. The reward for our efforts is preserved with Allah ﷻ no matter the outcome if our intention is sincerely for the sake of Allah and we have put in the proper effort. This understanding helps us to remain steadfast and not to become devastated by unexpected results.

    Maintaining sincere intentions requires continuous effort. One may start with pure intentions but then a variety of factors may pollute our intentions. That’s why it was the habit of the pious to renew their intentions before, during, and after doing something. One of the duas of the Prophet ﷺ that can help us maintain the sincerity of our intentions is:

    اللهم مصرف القلوب صرف قلوبنا على طاعتك

    O Allah! Controller of the hearts, direct our hearts to Your obedience.4

    Tip 2: Be humble and seek Allah’s forgiveness

    As Prophet Muhammad’s ﷺ mission was coming to an end, Allah ﷻ revealed to him ﷺ Surah An-Nasr in which He ﷻ says:

    بِسۡمِ ٱللَّهِ ٱلرَّحۡمَـٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ
    إِذَا جَآءَ نَصۡرُ ٱللَّهِ وَٱلۡفَتۡحُ (١) وَرَأَيۡتَ ٱلنَّاسَ يَدۡخُلُونَ فِى دِينِ ٱللَّهِ أَفۡوَاجً۬ا (٢) فَسَبِّحۡ بِحَمۡدِ رَبِّكَ وَٱسۡتَغۡفِرۡهُ‌ۚ إِنَّهُ ۥ ڪَانَ تَوَّابَۢا (٣)

    In the name of Allah, the Gracious, the Merciful. 1. When there comes Allah’s victory, and conquest. 2. And you see the people entering Allah’s religion in multitudes. 3. Then celebrate the praise of your Lord, and seek His forgiveness. He is the Acceptor of Repentance.5

    In fact Abdullah ibn Abbas (ra) states that this is the last complete Surah of the Quran to be revealed to the Prophet ﷺ.6 In it Allah ﷻ enjoined His beloved ﷺ to busy himself in praising and glorifying Allah ﷻ by Whose bounties and help he had been able to achieve such a great victory and that he ﷺ should beseech Allah’s forgiveness in whatever failings and weaknesses he may have shown in the performance of his mission. None of us can match the Prophet ﷺ in terms of his sincerity, commitment, and hard work and who was protected from Shaytan by Allah ﷻ. What about us?

    Be humble

    People tend to boast and brag about their successes attributing them to their own excellence. By praising Allah, we remind ourselves that all success is solely due to Allah’s favor and mercy. Allah has many soldiers and He could have blessed others with this work but He ﷻ chose us. Accordingly, we must humble ourselves and increase Allah’s praise as the school year comes to a close. We should remind ourselves and each other of this and the school halls and rooms should reverberate with the praise of Allah ﷻ during the last days of school.

    Seek Allah’s forgiveness

    The thought may also come at the end of a successful school year that we have fulfilled Allah’s rights on us with our “superb” efforts and abilities and this is enough for us to get into jannah. This is how shaytan traps those he is unable to dissuade from doing good. We can never fulfill Allah’s rights over us even if we were to live a thousand lifetimes of perfect servitude to Him ﷻ! Therefore, the mindset of a believer is that of seeking Allah’s forgiveness while reflecting on one’s own weaknesses and missed opportunities where we could have done better.

    It is this etiquette of humility and seeking forgiveness that we must inculcate in ourselves and our students. An expression of this is to remain open to feedback from others. End of year student and parent surveys can provide insights into our efforts that can be humbling while at the same time help us identify areas of growth. This is also an opportunity for us to train students in the art of providing constructive feedback in a mutually respectful manner, an important skill to have in the consumer driven societies we live in.

    Many frustrations come to the surface as the end of the school year approaches and complaints come more easily to our tongues. It is important to remember that a complaint, unlike constructive feedback, comes from a place of ungratefulness where the blessings we enjoy are not taken into consideration. As such, complaints are not only effective in realizing the change we are seeking but can also diminish our reward with Allah ﷻ. Use this End of Year Report template to make sure your concerns are communicated in a constructive manner.

    Tip 3: End on positive relationships

    Positive relationships for teachers are important for two main reasons: 1. Positive student-teacher relationships have been identified with high academic success and as a means through which students feel more confident and engaged in academics.7 2. The reward for our deeds is directly tied to how we treat others.

    “Do you know who is a muflis?”

    Once the Prophet ﷺ asked his companions, “Do you know who is a muflis (bankrupt)?”8 The companions responded that a muflis is someone who doesn’t have neither dirham (money) nor wealth. Then the Prophet ﷺ corrected them by saying that a muflis from my ummah is someone who would come on the Day of Resurrection with prayers, fasts, and zakah but would find himself without any reward since he had insulted someone, falsely accused so and so, eaten someone’s wealth, spilt someone’s blood, and struck someone. His virtues will be credited to those who suffered at his hands. And if his good deeds fall short of clearing what he owes to others then their sins would be entered into his account until he is thrown into the Fire.

    We intuitively know the power of relationships and work very hard throughout the year to build positive relationships with our students, parents, and other stakeholders. But tensions and conflicts are inevitable and unavoidable. Sometimes we may unknowingly hurt others in our zeal to get the point across or redirect one of our students in a manner that hurts them. It is important that we make amends with those whom we may have hurt knowingly or unknowingly not only to ensure an optimal academic learning environment but also to secure the reward from Allah ﷻ.

    Making amends

    End of year celebrations are an excellent opportunity to make amends. A gift, a card, a hug, or a kind word given at the right moment can heal and mend relationships like no other. Teachers can set up opportunities in the form of end of year class parties where students have the opportunity to say a kind word or exchange kind notes. Award ceremonies and graduations are excellent opportunities for teachers to recognize and acknowledge something positive about their students. Principals and school leaders should also organize staff appreciation events where staff have the opportunity to do the same. One thing that has always worked well for me is to have staff anonymously submit something positive about a colleague of theirs that made a positive impact on them. I would then share those messages at an end of year staff meeting as a way to recognize them. You can always share your own words of kindness for those staff that may not have received any positive feedback from their colleagues and since all comments were submitted anonymously, no one is the wiser!

    Tip 4: Tie up any loose ends

    Do your best to tie up any loose ends and leave things organized as much as possible not only to ensure a smoother start in Fall but also because Allah has prescribed ihsan (excellence) in everything that we do.9 This End of year checklists can help us to make sure that we minimize any loose ends.

    There are many more ways to maximize and preserve our reward as the school year comes to an end. If you have any related tips then please do share in the comments!

    I ask Allah ﷻ to help all of us to end the school year successfully, on a positive note, to accept our efforts and to reward us immeasurably. I end with this beautiful dua of Abu Bakr as-Siddiq (ra):

    اللَّهُمَّ اجْعَلْ خَيْرَ زَمَانِيْ آخِرَهُ، وَخَيْرَ عَمَلِيْ خَوَاتِمَهُ، وَخَيْرَ أَيَّامِيْ يِوْمَ أَلقَاكَ

    O Allah, let the best of my lifetime be its ending, and my best deed be that which I seal [my life with], and the best of my days the day I meet You.10


    References

  • About educateMuslims.com

    About educateMuslims.com

    Why tawhidtalk.com/?

    The challenges Muslim children face in this postmodern age pose an existential threat to their identity. This blog explores topics in education from an Islamic angle to find holistic ways to empower children to live as Muslims.

    Our role models are the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ and his companions.“Iqra! Read, in the name of your Lord who created you,” was the first command given by Allah to Prophet Muhammad ﷺ.

    By obeying this command, the first generation of Muslims sparked a revolution that transformed a society drowning in many darknesses. It became a beacon of light and guidance for the rest of humanity.

    How can we achieve the same results? This is the question we explore in all our posts.

    As we explore different topics in the education of Muslim children, we ask, “WWMD?” – What would Muhammad ﷺ do?

    The Framework

    Our work is guided by the concept of tawhid, the Islamic worldview and the epistemological framework that is summarized by the testament of Iman (faith):

    لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا ٱللَّٰهُ مُحَمَّدٌ رَسُولُ ٱللَّٰهِ‎

    lā ʾilāha ʾillā llāhu muḥammadun rasūlu llāhi

    There is no God but Allah and Muhammad ﷺ is the messenger of Allah.

    Tawhid, the unifying concept of monotheism in Islam, lays out six articles of faith that form a Muslim’s worldview:

    • Belief in the Oneness of God.
    • Belief in the angels.
    • Belief in revealed scriptures or holy books.
    • Belief in prophets and messengers.
    • Belief in the Day of Judgment.
    • Belief in the Divine Decree.

    How we know what we know, how we determine what we know is useful or not, and how to implement what is useful is informed by the Quran and the Sunnah of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ), the two primary sources in Islam.

    Content and Organization

    The posts are casual in nature. Sometimes they are just reflections of observations and experiences. At other times they are more in depth, borrowing from contemporary research in education, surveys, interviews, discussions, and artifacts.

    We follow the tarbiyah approach in organizing all content. The tarbiyah approach is a dynamic learning and self-developmental approach found in the Quran and Sunnah. There are three processes involved in the tarbiyah approach:

    • Tilawah (Engage): Posts that focus on raising awareness of contemporary issues and challenges, identification and acceptance of gaps in our understanding, and how we should orient ourselves on the topic in terms of the Qur’an and Sunnah.
    • Tazkiyah (Purification): Posts that are action oriented and seek to correct skewed perspectives and misconceptions.
    • Ta’lim (Deep Dives): Posts that take a deeper dive through research and investigation. These posts seek deeper insights by making connections across multiple disciplines to develop ideas and tools that can be used in many ways. These ideas are then connected with the Qur’an and Sunnah.

    Posts may include one or more or a combination of the above three processes. All posts conclude with a call to action by asking: “WWMD?” – What would Muhammad ﷺ do?

    Our Logo
    The logo captures the main focus of our posts; i.e. education of Muslim children. The pen reminds us of the legacy of learning referred to in the first five verses of Chapter 96 of the Quran:

    ٱقۡرَأۡ بِٱسۡمِ رَبِّكَ ٱلَّذِى خَلَقَ (١) خَلَقَ ٱلۡإِنسَـٰنَ مِنۡ عَلَقٍ (٢) ٱقۡرَأۡ وَرَبُّكَ ٱلۡأَكۡرَمُ (٣) ٱلَّذِى عَلَّمَ بِٱلۡقَلَمِ (٤) عَلَّمَ ٱلۡإِنسَـٰنَ مَا لَمۡ يَعۡلَمۡ (٥)

    In the name of Allah, the Gracious, the Merciful. 1. Read: In the Name of your Lord who created. 2. Created man from a clot. 3. Read: And your Lord is the Most Generous. 4. He who taught by the pen. 5. Taught man what he never knew. 11

    These were the first verses revealed to Prophet Muhammad ﷺ that established the foundations of his ﷺ mission on knowledge and learning.


    Footnotes